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The Alternative Investment Fund Managers Directive (AIFMD) stands as a central piece of financial regulation within the European Union. Prior to the global financial crisis of 2007, the alternative investment sector (which spans hedge funds, private equity, and real-estate funds) operated with relatively limited regulation.

The departure of the United Kingdom from the European Union will mark a shift in financial services. Previously, passporting rights within the EU allowed funds to operate seamlessly across borders, promoting an integrated financial market.

Fintech’s rapid growth simultaneously excites and alarms. It threatens traditional banking’s market grip by challenging core functions like payment processing and risk management. Meanwhile, Big Tech entering finance intensify competition, offering personalised financial services using their vast data resources.